In December 2023, when NASA released a 57-page Space Security Best Practices Guide, there were talks about cybersecurity for future space missions. It is no wonder that cyberattacks are continuously taking pace as the world is shifting to digital. This is why space cybersecurity is the need of the hour.
From healthcare to finance and energy, cyberattacks have increasingly exploited vulnerabilities in digital systems and networks across industries. The space industry is no exception. To combat such attacks in the industry, NASA’s Space Security Best Practices Guide provides security guidance for missions, programs, or projects of any size.
In this article, we will explore how Cybersecurity is becoming the next frontier in space. We will also discuss the challenges and advancements in securing space-based assets and operations from cyber threats.
The Need for Cybersecurity in Space
One of the biggest cyber threats in space is the hacking of spacecraft and satellites. Malicious actors or cybercriminals can take control of vulnerable systems, steal confidential data and manipulate controls.
For example, a recent incidence of cyberattack has been reported by the U.S. National Science Foundation National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NSF NOIRLab). The laboratory found a cyber incident in its computer systems which halted astronomical observations at its Gemini North in Hawaii and Gemini South Telescope in Chile.
Jamming and spoofing methods are some of the tactics often used by cybercriminals to disrupt or slow down data communication from satellites. Cybersecurity threats are growing as space systems are becoming increasingly interconnected and computationally complex. This interconnection is highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks.
Cybersecurity in space refers to the security of space assets from unauthorized access, interference, data breaches, and malicious attacks. It involves a range of activities such as protecting communication links, ensuring the integrity of data, securing control systems, and preventing unauthorized operations.
Speaking on the space security best practices, Deputy Principal Advisor for Enterprise Protection at NASA, Misty Finical said, “This guide represents a collective effort to establish a set of principles that will enable us to identify and mitigate risks and ensure the continued success of our missions, both in Earth’s orbit and beyond.”
Challenges of Cybersecurity in Space
The need for robust cybersecurity measures in space has become increasingly critical. However, there is a challenge because of the use of older systems. Most governments lack infrastructure, skills, and funding, resulting in not implementing adequate cybersecurity measures in space projects.
Let us explore some of the key challenges in space cybersecurity and the efforts to address them.
Complex and Diverse Systems
Space systems are made of a wide array of components, including ground stations, satellites, and communication networks. Different manufacturers with various technologies often develop these components. These are also operated by multiple entities, which leads to a lack of standardization.
This complexity and diversity make it challenging to execute standard cybersecurity measures, as there may have different vulnerabilities and security requirements for each component.
Legacy Systems
Many satellites and space assets currently in orbit were launched decades ago when cybersecurity was not a primary concern. These legacy systems may lack modern security features and also are difficult to upgrade due to their remote and inaccessible nature. This, in turn, makes these systems particularly at risk of cyberattacks.
Limited Resources
Balancing the need for robust cybersecurity with the constraints of space hardware is a significant challenge. Spacecraft have limited computational and power resources, restraining the traditional cybersecurity measures implementation. For instance, advanced encryption techniques may be too resource-intensive for onboard systems.
How to Address Challenges in Space Cybersecurity
Addressing the challenges of cybersecurity in space requires:
Enhanced Collaboration: Collaboration between governments, private and public space agencies, and international organizations.
Information Sharing: Information sharing about cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and best practices.
Establishment of Cybersecurity Standards: Developing international cybersecurity standards for space systems provides a baseline for security measures.
Advanced Encryption and Authentication: Building lightweight encryption and authentication methods for space systems to enhance communications and data security.
Continuous Monitoring and Threat Detection: Continuous monitoring and threat detection systems for space assets help identify and respond to cyber threats in real time.
Impact of Cyberattacks on Space Missions
A 24-page Cyberspace Solarium Commission (CSC) report designated space as a critical infrastructure sector. It also emphasizes the goal of adopting robust cybersecurity measures among satellite operators.
Cyberattacks on space missions could create catastrophic consequences. This can impact everything from communication to the safety of astronauts. Some of the types of space missions at risk include Satellite Operations, human space missions, and Unmanned Space Missions.
These threats can be targeted through jamming and spoofing, malware insertion, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
The European Space Agency (ESA) has proposed a new cybersecurity strategy to prevent cybercrimes in space. The agency has developed a cybersecurity resilience ‘multi-platform’ composed of a geographically distributed system of systems that have shared capabilities and security functions.
Head of the ESA Security Office, Massimo Mercati stated that “Space is one of the most important strategic assets for Europe, supporting European economies and the daily lives of European citizens. Keeping it safe from cyberattacks is essential. ESA’s cybersecurity vision aims to strengthen its resilience by identifying emerging risks and preparing resilient strategies.”
Future of Cybersecurity in Space
The future of space cybersecurity is complex and dynamic and requires proactive measures, innovation, and international cooperation. Space missions, satellites, and other extraterrestrial assets are critical to national security, scientific research, global communications, and commercial enterprises.
With reliance on space-based assets increasing, there is a pressing need to safeguard these assets from cyber threats. The use of technologies like AI and ML, Quantum Computing, Space-Based Cybersecurity Solutions, and Space Traffic Management will play a significant role in space cybersecurity.
Conclusion
To sum up, cybersecurity in space requires effective consideration, be it robust policy frameworks, international cooperation, or investment in cutting-edge technologies. Developing and deploying industry standards and best practices for space cybersecurity is also crucial for a consistent and high level of security across the sector.
As we venture into the new frontier of space exploration and commercialization, the question arises are we ready to face the potential vulnerabilities that come with it? What strategies can we employ for effective space cybersecurity? The journey into the cosmos of cybersecurity is just beginning. Stay tuned to The Future Talk for more information on how cybersecurity in shaping the future of space.
Very informative article.